FUNDAMENTAL OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR (UNIT 1)

⛤What managers do?

ANS. Managers => Individuals who achieve goals through other people.

Managerial activities

  • Make a decision
  • Allocation resources
  • Direct activities of others to attain goals

☆ Organization

A consciously coordinated social unit, composed of two or more people, that functions on a relatively continuous basis to achieve a common goal or set of goals.


⛤ Management Function


1. Planning

A process that includes defining goals, establishing strategy, and developing plans to coordinate activities.

2. Organizing

Determining what tasks are to be done, who is to do them, how the task is to be grouped, who
reports to whom, and where decisions are to be made.

3. Leading 

A function that includes motivating employees, directing others, selecting the most effective communication channels, and resolving conflicts.

4. Controlling

Monitoring activities to ensure that they are being accomplished as planned and correcting any significant deviation

✋ MANAGEMENT ROLES

ROLES                                                                                 

INTERPERSONAL              
Responsible for the motivation and direction of employees and maintain a network of outside contact who provide factors and information.

INFORMATIONAL    
Transmits information received from outsiders or from other employees to members of the organization.

DECISIONAL 
Responsible for corrective action when the organization important, unexpected disturbance and makes or approves the significant organization decisions

✋MANAGEMENT SKILLS

1. Technical skills

The ability to apply specialized knowledge or expertise.

2. Human/interpersonal skills

The ability to work with, understand, and motivate other people, both individually and in groups.

3. Conceptual skills

Managers must have the mental ability to analyze and diagnose complex situations.

⛤Organizational behavior (OB)


-A field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behavior within organizations, to apply such knowledge toward improving an organization’s effectiveness.

-It is a multidisciplinary field that seeks objective knowledge of actions in organizational environments based on the study of individual, organization, and organizational processes.

-The academic study of how people behave inside groups is organizational activity. Its concepts are mostly implemented in efforts to make organizations function more effectively.

💭Systematic study

Looking at relationships, attempting to attribute causes and effects, and drawing conclusions based on scientific evidence.

Provides a means to predict behaviors.


✋FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR



1.INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCE: Each person in the world is different from all others.

2.A WHOLE PERSON: Management strive harder not only to develop a better employee out of a worker but also a better person in terms of growth and fulfillment.

3.MOTIVATED BEHAVIOUR: The behavior of employees is directed towards his/her interest.

4.VALUE OF THE PERSON: The concept of human dignity or the value, rejects the old idea of using employees as economic tools.

5.ORGANIZATIONS ARE SOCIAL SYSTEMS: Organizations are social systems implying that their activities are governed by social and psychological laws.

6.MUTUALITY OF INTERESTS: There should be mutuality of interests between both the parties.

7. HOLISTIC CONCEPT AND ETHICS:   Holistic concept means that people-organization relationships are expressed in terms of the whole person, whole group, whole organization, and the social system. Organizations should treat employees ethically.


⛤DISCIPLINE THAT contributes TO OB


1.PSYCHOLOGY

It seeks to measure, explain, and sometimes change the behavior of humans and other animals(employee selection, work design, training, motivation).

    Unit of Analysis:
    • Individual
    Contributions to OB:

    • Learning, motivation, personality, emotions, perception
    • Training, leadership effectiveness, job satisfaction
    • Individual decision making, performance appraisal, attitude measurement
    • Employee selection, work design, and work stress

        2. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

        -Focus on people's influence on another. One major study area is change - how to implement it and how to reduce barriers to its acceptance. Also contribute to measuring, understanding, and changing attitude; identifying communication patterns, and building trust.

        -An area within psychology that blends concepts from psychology and sociology and that focuses on the influence of people on one another.

        Unit of Analysis:
        • Group
        Contributions to OB:
        • Behavioral change
        • Attitude change
        • Communication
        • Group processes
        • Group decision making

         3. SOCIOLOGY 

        Study people in relation to their social environment or culture. (teamwork, conflict, intergroup behavior).

        Contributions to OB:

        • Group dynamics
        • Work teams
        • Communication
        • Power
        • Conflict
        • Intergroup behavior

                  4. ANTHROPOLOGY

                  It is the study of societies to learn about human beings and their activities. Its works on cultures and the environment have helped in understanding the difference in fundamental values, attitudes, and behavior.

                  Contributions to OB:
                  • Organizational culture
                  • Organizational environment
                  • Comparative values
                  • Comparative attitudes
                  • Cross-cultural analysis


                      ✋CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES

                      • Responding to Economic Pressures
                      • Responding to Globalization
                      • Managing Workforce Diversity
                      • Improving Customer Service
                      • Improving People Skills
                      • Stimulating Innovation and Change
                      • Coping with “Temporariness”
                      • Working in Networked Organizations
                      • Helping Employees Balance Work-Life Conflicts
                      • Creating a Positive Work Environment
                      • Improving Ethical Behavior


                        1. Responding to Economic Pressures -
                        • Effective management is critical during hard economic times.
                        • Managers need to handle difficult activities such as firing employees, motivating employees to do more with less, and working through the stress employees feel when they are worried about their future.
                        • OB focuses on issues such as stress, decision making, and coping during difficult times.
                        2. Responding to Globalization
                        • Increased foreign assignments
                        • Working with people from different cultures
                        • Overseeing movement of jobs to countries with low-cost labor
                        3. Managing Workforce Diversity

                        • The people in organizations are becoming more heterogeneous demographically
                        • Embracing diversity
                        • Changing demographics
                        • Changing management philosophy 
                        • Recognizing and responding to differences

                        4.Customer service
                        • The characteristic of their jobs is substantial interaction with an organization's customer. OB can help managers increase the success of these customer-interactions by showing how employees' attitudes and behavior influence customer satisfaction.
                        5. People skills 
                        • Learn ways to design motivating jobs, techniques for improving your management skills, and how to create more effective teams.
                        6. Network organizations
                        • It allows people to communicate and work together even though they may be thousands of miles away.
                        • The manager's job is motivating and leading people and making collaboration and decisions online require different techniques.
                        • Organizational behavior can provide value to help hone those skills.
                        7. Social media
                        • Once employees are on the job, many organizations have policies about accessing social media at the work- when, where, and for what purpose.
                        8. Employees well-being at work
                        • Employes want jobs that give them flexibility in their work schedules so that can better manage works-life.
                        9. Positive work environment
                        • It studies how organizations develop human strengths, faster vitality, and unlocks potential.
                        • PWE influences employees' behavior so strongly that organizations have been to employ a culture officer to shape and pressure the company personality.
                        10. Ethical behavior
                        • Required to identify right and wrong conduct
                        • Classroom training sessions in ethics have also proven helpful in maintaining a higher level of awareness of the implication of employee choice.
                        ✋ BASIC OB MODELS



                              1.INPUTS
                              • Inputs are variables like personality, group structure that leads to process.
                              2.PROCESSES
                              • Processes are actions that individuals, groups, and organizations engage in as a result of inputs and that leads to outcomes.
                              3.OUTCOMES
                              • They are the key variable that you want to explain or predict and that are affected by other variables.
                              ✋TYPES OF STUDY VARIABLES

                              Independent (X)
                              • The presumed cause of the change in the dependent variable (Y).
                              • This is the variable that OB researchers manipulate to observe the changes in Y.
                              Dependent (Y)
                              • this is the response to X (the independent variable).
                              • It is what the OB researchers want to predict or explain. 
                              • The interesting variable!
                              ✋INTERESTING OB DEPENDENT VARIABLES

                              1. Productivity
                              • Transforming inputs to outputs at the lowest cost.  Includes the concepts of effectiveness (achievement of goals) and efficiency (meeting goals at a low cost).
                              2. Absenteeism
                              • Failure to report to work – a huge cost to employers.
                              3. Turnover
                              • Voluntary and involuntary permanent withdrawal from an organization.
                              4. Deviant Workplace Behavior
                              • Voluntary behavior that violates significant organizational norms and thereby threatens the well-being of the organization and/or any of its members.

                              5. Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)
                                • Discretionary behavior that is not part of an employee’s formal job requirements, but that nevertheless promotes the effective functioning of the organization.
                                6. Job Satisfaction
                                  • A general attitude (not a behavior) toward one’s job; a positive feeling of one's job resulting from an evaluation of its characteristics.

                                    ✋THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES


                                    The independent variable (X) can be at any of these three levels in this model:

                                    Individual
                                    • Biographical characteristics, personality and emotions,  values and attitudes, ability, perception, motivation, individual learning, and individual decision making
                                    Group
                                    • Communication, group decision making, leadership and trust, group structure, conflict, power and politics, and work teams
                                    Organization System
                                    • Organizational culture, human resource policies and practices, and organizational structure and design

                                    ✋MODELS OF OB





                                    1. AUTOCRATIC MODEL

                                    -The basis of this model is power with a managerial orientation of authority. The employees in turn are oriented towards obedience and dependence on the boss. The employee need that is met is subsistence.
                                    -The performance result is minimal.

                                    2.CUSTODIAL MODEL

                                    - The basis of this model is economic resources with a managerial oriented towards security and benefits and dependence on the organization. The employee need that is met is security.
                                    - The performance result is passive co-operation.

                                    3. COLLEGIAL MODEL

                                    -The basis of this model is a partnership with a managerial orientation of teamwork. The employees in turn are oriented towards responsible behavior and self-actualization.
                                    - The performance result is moderate enthusiasm.

                                    4. SUPPORTIVE MODEL

                                    - The basis of this model is leadership with a managerial orientation of support. The employees in turn are oriented towards job performance and participation. The employee need that is met is recognition.
                                    - The performance result is awakened drives.

                                    5. SYSTEM MODEL

                                    -An emerging model of organizational behavior is the system model. It is the result of a strong search for higher meaning at work by mean of today employees. They want more than a paycheck and job security from the job. This model help for growing a sense of community among co-worker. Under the system, the model manager tries to convey to each other that you are an important part of your whole system. We sincerely care about you, we want to join together to achieve a better product or services local community and society at large. Make friendly environment, self-motivation of the employee. they take responsibility to achieve their own goal. Trust to the employee psychology co-operative explain the best model if the organizational model.



                                    REFERENCE TO: 18th edition Organizational behavior( Pearson)
                                    -STEPHEN P. ROBBINS
                                    - TIMOTHY A. JUDGE
                                    - NEHARIKA VOHRA















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